Seagrape Baygrape Seeds (Coccoloba uvifera)

5/ 5

<div id="idTab1" class="rte"> <h2 id="short_description_content"><strong>All Green Bush Courgette Seeds&nbsp; </strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #f80000;"><strong>Price for a Package of 10 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>This reliable variety is quick to mature and will crop all summer long and with regular harvesting. The abundant, dark-skinned fruits of Courgette ‘All green Bush’ should be harvested as baby courgettes at about 10cm (4”) long for the best flavor. This heavy-yielding courgette has tender skins making it ideal for cooking whole. Height: 45cm (18”). Spread 90cm (35”).</p> <p><strong>Sowing Instructions</strong></p> <p>Sow seeds in spring 1cm (½in) deep in good seed compost. Germination usually takes 6-10 days at 24C (75F). Can also be sown where they are to crop in late spring/early summer once the soil has warmed up. Sow 3 seeds every 60cm (24in) and thin out to the best seedling.</p> <p><strong>Growing Instructions</strong></p> <p>Transplant when large enough to handle into 8cm (3in) pots and grow on in cooler conditions. Gradually acclimatise to outdoor conditions for 10-15 days before planting out after all risk of frost, 60cm (24in) apart in a sunny sheltered spot on rich well-drained soil.</p> <p><strong>Aftercare</strong></p> <p>Water regularly and feed every 14 days once the courgettes start to develop. Pick regularly while small 10-16cm (4-6in) and don't leave any on to grow large or cropping will be impaired.</p> </div><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

P 140 (10 S)

5/ 5

<h2><strong>Serbian colorful bean seeds</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 20 (10g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>Serbian colorful beans are very popular in Serbia. The plants are strong and do not need any special care. Today there are more varieties of colorful beans from conventional cultivation. However, it is a former variety of colorful beans, which was sown in Serbia before 1920. It has a great genus and very good taste. It is specific for all colorful varieties to have a grain of red in color, that is a completely normal occurrence. The taste and quality are excellent. The variety is low, it does not need support.</p> <p>Great variety for cooking, canning, and salads.</p> <p>The absolute weight of 1000 grains amounts to 330-380 g.</p> <p>Sowing:</p> <p>Optimal sowing period: April</p> <p>Sowing depth: 4 - 5 cm</p> <p>Distance between rows: 50 cm</p> <p>Distance in a row: 5 cm</p><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

VE 45 SP (10g)

5/ 5

<div id="idTab1" class="rte"> <h2><strong>Common Flax Seeds (Linum usitatissimum)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;" class=""><strong>Price for Package of 120 (1g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>Flax (also known as common flax or linseed), with the binomial name Linum usitatissimum, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is a food and fiber crop that is grown in cooler regions of the world. In addition to referring to the plant itself, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant. The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant, and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species Linum bienne, called pale flax.</p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>Several other species in the genus Linum are similar in appearance to Linum usitatissimum, cultivated flax, including some that have similar blue flowers, and others with white, yellow, or red flowers. Some of these are perennial plants, unlike L. usitatissimum, which is an annual plant.</p> <p>Cultivated flax plants grow to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tall, with slender stems. The leaves are glaucous green, slender lanceolate, 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad.</p> <p>The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5–9 mm diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4–7 mm long.</p> <p><strong>Uses</strong></p> <p>Flax is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimum means most useful.</p> <p>Flax fibres are taken from the stem of the plant and are two to three times as strong as those of cotton. As well, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. Europe and North America depended on flax for vegetable-based cloth until the nineteenth century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant used for making rag-based paper. Flax is grown on the Canadian Prairies for linseed oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnish and in products such as linoleum and printing inks.</p> <p><strong>History</strong></p> <p>The earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a textile comes from the present day Republic of Georgia, where spun, dyed, and knotted wild flax fibers were found in Dzudzuana Cave and dated to the Upper Paleolithic, 30,000 years ago. Flax was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent region. There is evidence of a domesticated oil-seed flax with increased seed size by 9,000 years ago from Tell Ramad in Syria. Use of the crop steadily spread, reaching places as far as Switzerland and Germany by 5,000 years ago (3,000 BCE). In China and India domesticated flax was cultivated by at least 5,000 years ago (3,000 BCE).</p> <p>Flax was extensively cultivated in ancient Egypt, where temple walls had paintings of flowering flax and mummies were entombed in linen. Egyptian priests only wore linen, as flax was considered a symbol of purity. Phoenicians traded Egyptian linen throughout the Mediterranean, and the Romans used it for their sails. As the Roman Empire declined, so did flax production, but Charlemagne revived the crop in the 8th century CE with laws designed to publicize the hygiene of linen textiles and the health of linseed oil. Eventually, Flanders became the major center of the linen industry in the European Middle Ages. In North America, flax was introduced by the colonists and it flourished there. But by the early 20th century cheap cotton and rising farm wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia, which came to provide 90% of the world's output. Since then flax has lost its importance as a commercial crop, due to the easy availability of more durable fibers.</p> <p><strong>Flax seeds</strong></p> <p>Flax seeds come in two basic varieties: 1. brown; and 2. yellow or golden (also known as golden linseeds). Most types have similar nutritional characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. The exception is a type of yellow flax called solin (trade name Linola), which has a completely different oil profile and is very low in omega-3 FAs. Flax seeds produce a vegetable oil known as flaxseed oil or linseed oil, which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is an edible oil obtained by expeller pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction. Solvent-processed flax seed oil has been used for many centuries as a drying oil in painting and varnishing.</p> <p>Although brown flax can be consumed as readily as yellow, and has been for thousands of years, its better-known uses are in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed.</p> <p><strong>Culinary</strong></p> <p>One hundred grams of ground flax seed supplies about 450 calories, 41 grams of fat, 28 grams of fiber, and 20 grams of protein.</p> <p>Flax seed sprouts are edible, with a slightly spicy flavor. Excessive consumption of flax seeds with inadequate water can cause bowel obstruction. In northern India, flaxseed, called (tisi or alsi), is traditionally roasted, powdered, and eaten with boiled rice, a little water, and a little salt.</p> <p>Whole flax seeds are chemically stable, but ground flaxseed can go rancid at room temperature in as little as one week, although there is contrary evidence. Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will keep ground flax from becoming rancid for a longer period; under conditions similar to those found in commercial bakeries, trained sensory panelists could not detect differences between bread made with freshly ground flax and bread made with milled flax stored for four months at room temperature. Milled flax is stable to oxidation when stored for nine months at room temperature if packed immediately without exposure to air and light and for 20 months at ambient temperatures under warehouse conditions.</p> <p>Three natural phenolic glucosides, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, p-coumaric acid glucoside and ferulic acid glucoside, can be found in commercial breads containing flaxseed.</p> <p><strong>Medicinal</strong></p> <p>Linum usitatissimum seeds are mentioned in the Ayurveda and have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (directly soaked or as tea) and externally (as compresses or oil extracts) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, eyes, infections, cold, flu, fever, rheumatism and gout.</p> <p><strong>Nutrients and clinical research</strong></p> <p>Flax seeds contain high levels of dietary fiber as well as lignans, an abundance of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids (table). Studies have shown that flax seeds may lower cholesterol levels, although with differing results depending on the sex of the consumer. One study found results were better for women whereas a later study found benefits only for men. Initial studies suggest that flax seeds taken in the diet may benefit individuals with certain types of breast&nbsp; and prostate cancers.</p> <p>A study done at Duke University suggests that flaxseed may stunt the growth of prostate tumors, although a meta-analysis found the evidence on this point to be inconclusive. Flax may also lessen the severity of diabetes by stabilizing blood-sugar levels. There is some support for the use of flax seed as a laxative due to its dietary fiber content &nbsp;though excessive consumption without liquid can result in intestinal blockage. Consuming large amounts of flax seed may impair the effectiveness of certain oral medications, due to its fiber content,. Flaxseed has shown to lower the concentration of pro-inflammatory oxylipins in humans &nbsp;as well as lower blood pressure in patients with peripheral arterial disease and high blood pressure.</p> <p>Flax seeds contain 23% 18:3 Omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 6% 18:2 Omega-6 fatty acids. Flaxseed oil contains 53% 18:3 Omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 13% 18:2 Omega-6 fatty acids.</p> <p>One of the main components of flax is lignan, which has plant estrogen as well as antioxidants (flax contains up to 800 times more lignans than other plant foods contain).</p> <p><strong>Toxicity</strong></p> <p>Flaxseed oil has repeatedly been demonstrated to be non-toxic and is generally recognized as safe for human consumption. The cyanogenic glycoside linamarin occurs at low levels in the seed and cannot be detected in flaxseed oil. Cyanogenic glycosides are common food substances and are particularly toxic when consumed in larger quantities in staple foods like cassava. Flaxseed is not a staple food and the cyanogenic glycosides do not present a feasible risk in flaxseed product consumption.</p> <p><strong>Flax fibers</strong></p> <p>Flax fiber is extracted from the bast or skin of the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen". It is stronger than cotton fiber but less elastic. The best grades are used for linen fabrics such as damasks, lace and sheeting. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope, and historically for canvas and webbing equipment. Flax fiber is a raw material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed banknotes and rolling paper for cigarettes and tea bags. Flax mills for spinning flaxen yarn were invented by John Kendrew and Thomas Porthouse of Darlington in 1787. New methods of processing flax and the rising price of cotton have led to renewed interest in the use of flax as an industrial fiber.</p> <p><strong>Cultivation</strong></p> <p>The soils most suitable for flax, besides the alluvial kind, are deep loams, and containing a large proportion of organic matter. Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in cranberry bogs. Heavy clays are unsuitable, as are soils of a gravelly or dry sandy nature. Farming flax requires few fertilizers or pesticides. Within eight weeks of sowing, the plant will reach 10–15 cm in height and will grow several centimeters per day under its optimal growth conditions, reaching 70–80 cm within fifteen days.</p> <p><strong><em>Harvesting</em></strong></p> <p><strong>Maturation</strong></p> <p>Flax is harvested for fiber production after approximately 100 days, or a month after the plant flowers and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The base of the plant will begin to turn yellow. If the plant is still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber degrades once the plant is brown.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>There are two ways to harvest flax, one involving mechanized equipment (combines), and a second method, more manual and targeted towards maximizing the fiber length.</p> <p><strong>Mechanical</strong></p> <p>The mature plant is cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked into windrows. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar to wheat or oat harvesting. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this coupled with market prices determined whether the farmer chose to harvest the flax straw. If the flax was not harvested, it was typically burned, since the straw stalk is quite tough and decomposes slowly (i.e., not in a single season), and still being somewhat in a windrow from the harvesting process, the straw would often clog up tillage and planting equipment. It was common, in the flax growing regions of western Minnesota, to see the harvested flax straw (square) bale stacks start appearing every July, the size of some stacks being estimated at 10-15 yards wide by 50 or more yards long, and as tall as a two-story house</p> <p><strong>Manual</strong></p> <p>The mature plant is pulled up with the roots (not cut), so as to maximize the fiber length. After this, the flax is allowed to dry, the seeds are removed, and is then retted. Dependent upon climatic conditions, characteristics of the sown flax and fields, the flax remains on the ground between two weeks and two months for retting. As a result of alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins which bind fibers to the straw. The farmers turn over the straw during retting to evenly rett the stalks. When the straw is retted and sufficiently dry, it is rolled up. It will then be stored by farmers before scutching to extract fibers.</p> <p>Flax grown for seed is allowed to mature until the seed capsules are yellow and just starting to split; it is then harvested by combine harvester and dried to extract the seed.</p> <p><strong>Threshing flax</strong></p> <p>Threshing is the process of removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. As noted above in the Mechanical section, the threshing could be done in the field by a machine, or in another process, a description of which follows:</p> <p>The process is divided into two parts: the first part is intended for the farmer, or flax-grower, to bring the flax into a fit state for general or common purposes. This is performed by three machines: one for threshing out the seed, one for breaking and separating the straw (stem) from the fiber, and one for further separating the broken straw and matter from the fiber. In some cases the farmers thrash out the seed in their own mill and therefore, in such cases, the first machine will be unnecessary.</p> <p>The second part of the process is intended for the manufacturer to bring the flax into a state for the very finest purposes, such as lace, cambric, damask, and very fine linen. This second part is performed by the refining machine only.</p> <p>The threshing process would be conducted as follows:</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Take the flax in small bundles, as it comes from the field or stack, and holding it in the left hand, put the seed end between the threshing machine and the bed or block against which the machine is to strike; then take the handle of the machine in the right hand, and move the machine backward and forward, to strike on the flax, until the seed is all threshed out.</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Take the flax in small handfuls in the left hand, spread it flat between the third and little finger, with the seed end downwards, and the root-end above, as near the hand as possible.</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Put the handful between the beater of the breaking machine, and beat it gently till the three or four inches, which have been under the operation of the machine, appear to be soft.</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Remove the flax a little higher in the hand, so as to let the soft part of the flax rest upon the little finger, and continue to beat it till all is soft, and the wood is separated from the fiber, keeping the left hand close to the block and the flax as flat upon the block as possible.</p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The other end of the flax is then to be turned, and the end which has been beaten is to be wrapped round the little finger, the root end flat, and beaten in the machine till the wood is separated, exactly in the same way as the other end was beaten.</p> </div><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

VE 215 (1g)

5/ 5

<h2><strong>Chokeberry Seeds (Aronia melanocarpa)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;" class=""><strong>Price for Package of 250-400 (1g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Aronia</b></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a genus of<span>&nbsp;</span>deciduous<span>&nbsp;</span>shrubs, the<span>&nbsp;</span><b>chokeberries</b>, in the family<span>&nbsp;</span>Rosaceae<span>&nbsp;</span>native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps.<span>&nbsp;</span>The genus is usually considered to contain two<span>&nbsp;</span>or three<span>&nbsp;</span>species, one of which is<span>&nbsp;</span>naturalized<span>&nbsp;</span>in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>A fourth form that has long been cultivated under the name<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aronia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is now considered to be an<span>&nbsp;</span>intergeneric hybrid,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>× Sorbaronia mitschurinii</i>.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Chokeberries are cultivated as<span>&nbsp;</span>ornamental plants<span>&nbsp;</span>and as<span>&nbsp;</span>food products. The sour berries, or<span>&nbsp;</span><b>aronia berries</b>, can be eaten raw off the bush, but are more frequently processed. They can be found in wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, tea, salsa, extracts, beer, ice cream,<span>&nbsp;</span>gummies, and<span>&nbsp;</span>tinctures.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_State_8-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The name "chokeberry" comes from the<span>&nbsp;</span>astringency<span>&nbsp;</span>of the fruits, which create the sensation of making one's mouth pucker.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Chokeberries are often mistakenly called<span>&nbsp;</span>chokecherries, the<span>&nbsp;</span>common name<span>&nbsp;</span>for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Prunus virginiana</i>. Further adding to the ambiguity, a<span>&nbsp;</span>variety<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Prunus virginiana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is<span>&nbsp;</span><i>melanocarpa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and readily confused with black chokeberry because it is commonly referred to as "black chokeberry" or "aronia". Aronia berries and chokecherries both contain<span>&nbsp;</span>polyphenolic<span>&nbsp;</span>compounds, such as<span>&nbsp;</span>anthocyanins, yet the two plants are only distantly related within the Rosaceae.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Identification_and_taxonomy">Identification and taxonomy</span></h2> <p>The<span>&nbsp;</span>leaves<span>&nbsp;</span>are alternate, simple, and<span>&nbsp;</span>oblanceolate<span>&nbsp;</span>with<span>&nbsp;</span>crenate<span>&nbsp;</span>margins and<span>&nbsp;</span>pinnate<span>&nbsp;</span>venation; in autumn, the leaves turn a bold red color. Dark<span>&nbsp;</span>trichomes<span>&nbsp;</span>are present on the upper midrib surface. The<span>&nbsp;</span>flowers<span>&nbsp;</span>are small, with five<span>&nbsp;</span>petals<span>&nbsp;</span>and five<span>&nbsp;</span>sepals, and produced in<span>&nbsp;</span>corymbs<span>&nbsp;</span>of 10–25 together. The<span>&nbsp;</span>hypanthium<span>&nbsp;</span>is urn-shaped. The fruit is a small<span>&nbsp;</span>pome, with an<span>&nbsp;</span>astringent<span>&nbsp;</span>flavor.</p> <p><i>Aronia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been thought to be closely related to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Photinia</i>, and has been included in that genus in some classifications,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>but botanist Cornelis Kalkman observed that a combined genus should be under the older name<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aronia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalkman_11-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The combined genus contains about 65 species.<sup id="cite_ref-weakley_12-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In 2004, Kalkman expressed doubt about the<span>&nbsp;</span>monophyly<span>&nbsp;</span>of the combined group, and new molecular studies confirm this.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_13-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_14-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>They do not place these two genera together or even near one another.</p> <p>In eastern North America, two well-known species are named after their fruit color, red chokeberry and black chokeberry, plus a purple chokeberry whose origin is a natural hybrid of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-weakley_12-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>A fourth species,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aronia mitschurinii</i>, that apparently originated in cultivation, is also known as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sorbaronia mitschurinii</i>.<br><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><br>Tends to be smaller, rarely exceeding 1 m (3ft) tall and 3 m (9.8ft) wide, and spreads readily by root sprouts. The leaves are smaller, not more than 6-cm wide, with terminal glands on leaf teeth and a glabrous underside. The flowers are white, 1.5 cm wide, with glabrous sepals. The fruit is black, 6–9 mm wide, not persisting into winter.<br></span></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2> <p><i>Aronia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is considered cold-hardy and heat tolerant in<span>&nbsp;</span>USDA<span>&nbsp;</span>zones 3 to 8.<sup id="cite_ref-usda_17-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Aronia plants grow well both in<span>&nbsp;</span>orchard-type rows or set as<span>&nbsp;</span>landscape<span>&nbsp;</span>elements, including several varieties in 3 to 12-foot heights.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Products_and_uses">Products and uses</span></h2> <p>The chokeberries are attractive<span>&nbsp;</span>ornamental plants<span>&nbsp;</span>for gardens. They are naturally understory and woodland edge plants, and grow well when planted under<span>&nbsp;</span>trees. Chokeberries are resistant to drought, insects, pollution, and disease. A number of<span>&nbsp;</span>cultivars, including<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. arbutifolia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>'Brilliant' and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. melanocarpa</i><span>&nbsp;</span>'Autumn magic', have been selected for their striking fall leaf color.</p> <p>An aronia wine is made in<span>&nbsp;</span>Lithuania<span>&nbsp;</span>and Minnesota. In<span>&nbsp;</span>Poland, aronia berries are added to jams and juices or dried to make a herbal<span>&nbsp;</span>tea<span>&nbsp;</span>sometimes blended with other ingredients, such as<span>&nbsp;</span>blackcurrant.<sup id="cite_ref-mckay_19-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[19]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In<span>&nbsp;</span>Bosnia and Herzegovina, the berries are sold fresh and frozen or made into juices, jams and teas.<sup id="cite_ref-Fresh_Fruit_Portal_20-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Aronia is also used as a<span>&nbsp;</span>flavoring<span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span>colorant<span>&nbsp;</span>for beverages or yogurts.<sup id="cite_ref-mckay_19-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[19]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Juice from the ripe berries is<span>&nbsp;</span>astringent, semi-sweet (moderate sugar content), sour (low<span>&nbsp;</span>pH), and contains a low level of<span>&nbsp;</span>vitamin C.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The berries have a tart<span>&nbsp;</span>flavor<span>&nbsp;</span>and, in addition to juice, can be baked into breads.<sup id="cite_ref-mckay_19-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[19]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In the United States and Canada, aronia<span>&nbsp;</span>juice concentrate<span>&nbsp;</span>is used in manufactured juice blends.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Polyphenol_content">Polyphenol content</span></h3> <p><i>A. melanocarpa</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(black chokeberry) has attracted scientific interest due to its deep purple, almost black<span>&nbsp;</span>pigmentation<span>&nbsp;</span>that arises from dense contents of<span>&nbsp;</span>polyphenols, especially<span>&nbsp;</span>anthocyanins. Total polyphenol content is 1752&nbsp;mg per 100 g dry weight,<sup id="cite_ref-Phenol-Explorer_22-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[22]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>anthocyanin content is 1480&nbsp;mg per 100 g dry weight, and<span>&nbsp;</span>proanthocyanidin<span>&nbsp;</span>concentration is 664&nbsp;mg per 100 g fresh weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_23-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[23]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[24]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>These values are among the highest measured in plants to date. The black aronia species contains higher levels of anthocyanins than purple (<i>Aronia prunifolia</i>) or red aronia (<i>Aronia arbutifolia</i>), whereas red and purple aronia are richer in phenolic acid and proanthocyanins.</p> <p>The plant produces these pigments mainly in the leaves and skin of the berries to protect the pulp and seeds from constant exposure to<span>&nbsp;</span>ultraviolet radiation<span>&nbsp;</span>and production of<span>&nbsp;</span>free radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_26-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[26]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[27]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[28]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>By absorbing<span>&nbsp;</span>UV<span>&nbsp;</span>rays in the<span>&nbsp;</span>blue-purple spectrum, leaf and skin pigments filter intense sunlight, serve antioxidant functions and thereby have a role assuring regeneration of the species. Brightly colorful pigmentation also attracts birds and other animals to consume the fruit and disperse the seeds in their droppings.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_26-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <p>Analysis of polyphenols in chokeberries has identified the following individual chemicals (among hundreds known to exist in the plant kingdom):<span>&nbsp;</span>cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside,<span>&nbsp;</span>quercetin-3-glycoside,<span>&nbsp;</span>epicatechin,<span>&nbsp;</span>caffeic acid,<span>&nbsp;</span>delphinidin,<span>&nbsp;</span>petunidin,<span>&nbsp;</span>pelargonidin,<span>&nbsp;</span>peonidin, and<span>&nbsp;</span>malvidin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_23-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23941506_25-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>All these except caffeic acid are members of the<span>&nbsp;</span>flavonoid<span>&nbsp;</span>category of phenolics.</p> <p>For reference to phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and similar plant-derived phytochemicals,<sup id="cite_ref-Phenol-Explorer_22-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Wikipedia has a<span>&nbsp;</span>list of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent.</p> <p><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"></span><br><br></p> <div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="100%"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Sowing Instructions</strong></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Propagation:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">Seeds</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Pretreat:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">soak in water for 8- 12 hours&nbsp;</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Stratification:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">1 months in moist sowing mix at 2-5 ° C refrigerator</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Sowing Time:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">all year round</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Sowing Depth:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">1 cm</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Sowing Mix:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">Coir or sowing mix + sand or perlite</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Germination temperature:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">20 ° C</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Location:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">bright + keep constantly moist not wet</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Germination Time:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">2-8 weeks</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>Watering:</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><span style="color: #008000;">Water regularly during the growing season</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" nowrap="nowrap"> <p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><br><span style="color: #008000;"><em>Copyright © 2012 Seeds Gallery - Saatgut Galerie - Galerija semena.&nbsp;</em><em>All Rights Reserved.</em><em></em></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <div style="text-align: center;">Genus: Aronia</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Species: melanocarpa</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Common Name: Black Chokeberry</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Other Name: Chokeberry, Gueles Noires</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Pre-treatment: required</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Zone Hardiness Cold: 3</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Zone Hardiness warm: 8</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Plant Type: Small Shrub</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Growth rate: medium</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Vegetation type: deciduous</div> <div style="text-align: center;">Leaf /Flower color: Green/White</div> </div><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

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